Photo: Royal Collection Trust/ Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II A king returns On January 30, 1649, he was beheaded in front of a large crowd in London. He surrendered to the Scots, rather than the English parliamentarians, in a bid to exploit divisions between the alliance.Īn ensuing second civil war was short-lived, as the now royalist-backed Scottish invasion was swiftly defeated by Oliver Cromwell and Lord Fairfax's New Model Army.įorced once again to surrender, Charles I was put on trial, found guilty of high treason, and removed from the throne. In 1645 a string of battlefield successes by the parliamentarians, aided by a Scottish rebellion, forced Charles I to surrender. War broke out in 1642, with royalist armies fighting against parliamentarian forces across the country. They were also suspicious of his views on the divine power of the crown that kings were chosen and empowered by God. Many English parliamentarians feared such a kingdom might destroy old English traditions. It was Charles I's hope to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a single kingdom. The country was divided between parliamentarians and monarchists - the Roundheads and Cavaliers - amid controversy over how England, Scotland and Ireland should be governed. In response, for the next 11 years Charles I ruled without calling a parliament, collecting money for the monarchy through new fines and taxes.īy the 1640s, a civil war was brewing. Catholics were banned from holding office, and Anglicanism was legally enforced.īy 1629, four years into his rule, the government passed three resolutions condemning the king's behaviour. He also courted controversy in marrying Henrietta Maria, a Roman Catholic and sister of the French King Louis XIII, at a time when anti-Catholicism was at its height. To prevent this, Charles I dissolved parliament.Īt the same time, Charles I attempted to implement taxes and loans to fund the military campaigns without the government's approval.
He also started a war with France on the advice of the Duke of Buckingham, his key advisor.įailed campaigns in those wars led to an attempt by the government to impeach Buckingham on treason. He came to the throne as England was engaged in war with Spain. He ruled from 1625 until his execution following the English Civil War.Ĭharles I's early reign was marked by quarrels with parliament over his authoritarian rule. The first King Charles was the son of King James VI of Scotland (James I of England), and a grandson of Mary, Queen of Scots. Photo: The Royal Collection / Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II A king in chains The hypothesis that Charles II was bewitched reflects a deep belief in supernatural phenomena among the Castilian society at the beginning of the 18th century, an idea transmitted across generations, currently present in many societies worldwide.King Charles I. On the other hand, its is also possible that Charles II presented Klinefelter Syndrome, the most frequent sex chromosome disorder in humans and the most common cause of hypogonadism and infertility in males. Based on contemporary medical knowledge, it is possible that Charles IIhad a rare autosomal recessive inherited genopathy asa consequence of the frequent inbreeding among his ancestors. Such a constellation of ominous signs motivated a curious investigation, which concluded that the king was hexed at the age of 14 years in order to take away his throne, his health and his capacity to procreate. It was not until his adulthood when his infertility became evident, being incapable of conceiving a heir, even though he married twice. Since his birth in 1661, he presented a peculiar set of physical, psychiatric and behavioral signs, such as respiratory and diarrheal diseases, recurrent seizures and deep developmental delay. The death of King Charles II, the Bewitched, ended two centuries of sovereignity of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain.
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